2019), indicating the unfairness of the Standard ( ABAB) Rule. Consequently, the team kicking first in a penalty shootout is recognized to win significantly more frequently than 50 percent of the time (Apesteguia and Palacios-Huerta 2010 Palacios-Huerta 2014 Da Silva et al. Since most penalties are successful in soccer, the player taking the second kick is usually under greater mental pressure, especially from the third or fourth penalties onward, when a miss probably means the loss of the match. Following Brams and Ismail ( 2018), we will refer to this rule as the Standard (ABAB) Rule.
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If the scores are still level after five rounds, the kicks continue in the sudden death stage until one team scores a goal more than the other from the same number of kicks. Then the referee tosses a coin again, the winner decides whether to take the first or second kick, and five kicks are taken alternately by both teams (if, before both teams have taken five kicks, one has scored more goals than the other could score, even if it were to complete its five kicks, no more kicks are taken).
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In the ultimate case of item c), a coin is tossed to decide the goal at which the kicks will be taken. In particular, we address the problem of penalty shootouts in soccer (association football) from this point of view.Īccording to the current rulebook of soccer, Laws of the Game 2019/20, “when competition rules require a winning team after a drawn match or home-and-away tie, the only permitted procedures to determine the winning team are: (a) away goals rule (b) two equal periods of extra time not exceeding 15 minutes each (c) kicks from the penalty mark” (IFAB 2019, Section 10). Fairness has several interpretations in sports, one basic desideratum being the interpretation of the Aristotelian Justice principle: higher-ability competitors should win with a higher probability alongside the equal treatment of equals.